Michael West Dictionary Pdf Free Download

Although the language makes use of a large number of words, not all of these words are equally useful. One measure of usefulness is word frequency, that is, how often the word occurs in normal use of the language. From the point of view of frequency, the word the is a very useful word in English. It occurs so frequently that about 7% of the words on a page of written English and the same proportion of the words in a conversation are repetitions of the word the. Look back over this paragraph and you will find an occurrence of the in almost every line. The good news for second language learners and second language teachers and pcurriculum designers is that a small number of the words of English occur very frequently and if a learner knows these words, that learner will know a very large proportion of the running words in a written or spoken text. Most of these words are content words and knowing enough of them allows a good degree of comprehension of a text. Thus, words selection has to be taken into consideration when selecting a textbook or designing a syllabus. However, with a continuing emphasis on communication in language teaching there is a tendency to give less attention to the selection and checking of language forms in course design. Now that the benefits of form focused instruction are being positively reassessed, we may see a change in attitude towards vocabulary lists and frequency studies. The benefits of giving attention to principles of selection and gradation in teaching however remain important no matter what approach to teaching is being used. A goal of this review of the findings of research on vocabulary size and frequency is to show that this information can result in considerable benefits for both teachers and learners. In an attempt to see the extent to which our English books known as crescent are in line with what is called content specifications in terms of words selection and the orientation of series itself ,the matching between its methodology and design. Crescent series are claimed to be communicative in nature. The purpose of this paper, thus, is to figure out the whether these books are following a synthetic or analytic approach for selection and gradation of its content .Synthetic approach means deciding and specifying what linguistic items to include .Analytic approach does not present carefully selected samples of language in an attempt to build up a gradual picture of the grammar of the language .Instead ,it identifies phrases which have high utility and presents these as whole phrases .After counting and comparing the words of all crescent book series and West's lists, we found that the crescent books series are not synthetic nor analytic .the number of words covered in 3 crescent series books are approximately 49.91% which is neither below nor above the norms of synthetic or analytic approaches.

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Michael West's General List

Comparison

With Yemeni Crescent Book words

Ministery of Higher Education

Sana'a Univeristy

Education College

M A Program

English Department

Supervised By:

Dr:Ismail M. Naji

Prepared By:

Yasser Mohammed Al-Refaee

Introduction

Although the language makes use of a large number of words, not all of these words

are equally useful. One measure of usefulness is word frequency, that is, how often

the word occurs in normal use of the language. From the point of view of frequency,

of % 7It occurs so frequently that about . is a very useful word in Englishthe word the

the words on a page of written English and the same proportion of the words in a

Look back over this paragraph and you . theconversation are repetitions of the word

. in almost every linetheind an occurrence of will f

The good news for second language learners and second language teachers and

pcurriculum designers is that a small number of the words of English occur very

frequently and if a learner knows these words, that learner will know a very large

proportion of the running words in a written or spoken text. Most of these words are

content words and knowing enough of them allows a good degree of comprehension

of a text. Thus, words selection has to be taken into consideration when selecting a

textbook or designing a syllabus.

However, with a continuing emphasis on communication in language teaching there

is a tendency to give less attention to the selection and checking of language forms

in course design. Now that the benefits of form focused instruction are being

positively reassessed, we may see a change in attitude towards vocabulary lists and

frequency studies. The benefits of giving attention to principles of selection and

gradation in teaching however remain important no matter what approach to

teaching is being used. A goal of this review of the findings of research on vocabulary

size and frequency is to show that this information can result in considerable

benefits for both teachers and learners.

In an attempt to see the extent to which our English books known as crescent are in

line with what is called content specifications in terms of words selection and the

orientation of series itself ,the matching between its methodology and design.

Crescent series are claimed to be communicative in nature. The purpose of this

paper, thus, is to figure out the whether these books are following a synthetic or

analytic approach for selection and gradation of its content .Synthetic approach

means deciding and specifying what linguistic items to include .Analytic approach

does not present carefully selected samples of language in an attempt to build up a

gradual picture of the grammar of the language .Instead ,it identifies phrases which

have high utility and presents these as whole phrases .After counting and

comparing the words of all crescent book series and West's lists, we found that the

crescent books series are not synthetic nor analytic .the number of words covered in

crescent series books are approximately 49.91% which is neither below nor above

the norms of synthetic or analytic approaches.

What vocabulary does a language learner need?

Second language learners need first to concentrate on the high frequency words of

the language. Now ,we look at some useful vocabulary lists based on frequency and

review the research on the adequacy of the General Service List (West, 1953). Most

counts also consider range that is the occurrence of a word across several

subsections of a corpus (McIntosh, Halliday and Strevens, 1961).

The practice of counting words has a long history dating as far back as Hellenic times

(DeRocher, 1973). Several early word counts are mentioned in Fries and Traver

(1960). There are many lists of the most frequently occurring words in English among

which is The General Service List (West, 1953) The GSL contains 2000 headwords and

was developed in the 1940s. The frequency figures for most items are based on a

5,000,000 word written corpus. Percentage figures are given for different meanings

and parts of speech of the headword. In spite of its age, some errors, and its solely

written base, it still remains the best of the available lists because of its information

about the frequency of meanings, and West's careful application of criteria other

than frequency and range.

The classic list of high frequency words is Michael West's General Service List (1953).

The 2000 word GSL is of practical use to teachers and curriculum planners as it

contains words within the word family each with its own frequency. For example,

excited, excites, exciting and excitement come under the headword excite. The GSL

was written so that it could be used as a resource for compiling simplified reading

texts into stages or steps. West and his colleagues produced vast numbers of

simplified readers using this vocabulary. This is actually a very old list being based on

frequency studies done in the early decades of this century. Doubts have been cast

on its adequacy because of its age (Richards, 1974) and the relatively poor coverage

provided by the words not in the first 1000 words of the list (Engels, 1968).

Engels makes two major points. Even if a limited vocabulary covers 95% of a text, a

much larger vocabulary is still needed to cover the remaining 5% (p. 215). However

Engels overestimates the size of this vocabulary. He suggests 497,000 words. His

second point is that the limited vocabulary chosen by West (1953) is not the best

selection. Engels examined 10 texts of 1000 words each. He found that West's GSL

plus numbers covered 81.8% of the running words (This did not include proper

nouns which covered 4.13%). Engels' definition of what should be included in a word

family did not agree with West's and so Engels considered that West's GSL contained

3,372 words. This is because Engels considered flat and flatten, and police and

policeman to be different word families. West gives separate figures for such items

but indicates through the format of the GSL that they are in the same family. This

difference however does not influence results. Engels considered the first 1000 of

the GSL to be a good choice because the words were of high frequency and wide

range (p. 221).

Engels correctly points out that the GSL does not provide 95% coverage of texts. He

also says that the words outside the first 1000 of the GSL are "fallacious ... [because]

they cannot be called general service words". Engels considers that the range and

frequency of these words are too low to be included in the list. He suggests that for

the lower frequency words in the GSL "the work should be done all over again" (p.

226), giving more attention to topic and genre divisions. Hwang and Nation (1995)

report on such a study. The results only partly support Engels' ideas. It is possible to

replace 452 of the words in the GSL with 250 words of higher frequency across a

range of genres, but the change in total text coverage is small - from 82.3% to 83.4%.

Even adjusting for the difference in size of the GSL, 2,147 words, and the new list,

1,945 words, still leaves the percentage difference in coverage at 1.68%. Thus

although the GSL is in need of replacement because of its age, errors it contains, and

its written focus, it is still the best available list, given the range of information it

contains about the relative frequency of the meanings of the words. In a variety of

studies (Hwang, 1989; Hirsh and Nation, 1992; Sutarsyah, Nation and Kennedy,

1994) the GSL has provided coverage of 78% to 92% of various kinds of written text,

averaging around 82% coverage.

Word frequency lists

Frequency information provides a rational basis for making sure that learners get

the best return for their vocabulary learning effort. Vocabulary frequency lists which

take account of range have an important role to play in curriculum design and in

setting learning goals.

This does not necessarily mean that learners must be provided with large vocabulary

lists as the major source of their vocabulary learning. It does mean however that

course designers should have lists to refer to when they consider the vocabulary

component of a language course, and teachers need to have reference lists to judge

whether a particular word deserves attention or not, and whether a text is suitable

for a class.

The availability of powerful computers and very large corpora now make the

development of such lists a much easier job than it was when Thorndike and Lorge

(1944) and their colleagues manually counted 18,000,000 running words. The

making of a frequency list however is not simply a mechanical task, and judgments

based on well established criteria need to be made. The following list suggests

several of the factors that would need to be considered in the development of a

resource list of high frequency words.

1Representativeness The corpora that the list is based on should adequately

represent the wide range of uses of language. In the past, most word lists have been

based on written corpora. There needs to be a substantial spoken corpus involved in

the development of a general service list. The spoken and written corpora used

should also cover a range of representative text types. Biber's (1990) corpus studies

have shown how particular language features cluster in particular text types. The

corpora used should contain a wide range of useful types so that the biases of a

particular text type do not unduly influence the resulting list.

2Frequency and range Most frequency studies have given recognition to the

importance of range of occurrence. A word should not become part of a general

service list because it occurs frequently. It should occur frequently across a wide

range of texts. This does not mean that its frequency has to be roughly the same

across the different texts, but means that it should occur in some form or other in

most of the different texts or groupings of texts.

3Word families The development of a general service list needs to make use of a

sensible set of criteria regarding what forms and uses are counted as being members

of the same family. Should governor be counted as part of the word family

represented by govern? When making this decision, the purposes of the list and the

learners for which it is intended need to be considered. As well as basing the

decision on features such as regularity, productivity, and frequency (Bauer and

Nation, 1993), the likelihood of learners seeing these relationships needs to be

considered (Nagy and Anderson, 1984).

4Idioms and set expressions some items larger than a word behave like high

frequency words. That is, they occur frequently as a unit (Good morning, Never

mind), and their meaning is not clear from the meaning of the parts (at once, set

out). If the frequency of such items is high enough to get them into a general service

list in direct competition with single words, then perhaps they should be there.

Certainly the arguments for idioms are strong, whereas set expressions could be

included under one of their constituent words (but see Nagy, this volume).

5Range of information To be of full use in course design, a list of high frequency

words would need to include the following information for each word - the forms

and parts of speech included in a word family, frequency, the underlying meaning of

the word, variations of meaning and collocations and the relative frequency of these

meanings and uses, and restrictions on the use of the word with regard to

politeness, geographical distribution etc. Some dictionaries, notably the revised

edition of the COBUILD dictionary, include much of this information, but still do not

go far enough. This variety of information needs to be set out in a way that is readily

accessible to teachers and learners.

6Other criteria West (1953: ix) found that frequency and range alone were not

sufficient criteria for deciding what goes into a word list designed for teaching

purposes. West made use of ease or difficulty of learning (it is easier to learn another

related meaning for a known word than to learn another word), necessity (words

that express ideas that cannot be expressed through other words), cover (it is not

efficient to be able to express the same idea in different ways. It is more efficient to

learn a word that covers a quite different idea), stylistic level and emotional words

(West saw second language learners as initially needing neutral vocabulary). One of

the many interesting findings of the COBUILD project was that different forms of a

word often behave in different ways, taking their own set of collocates and

expressing different shades of meaning (Sinclair, 1991). Careful consideration would

need to be given to these and other criteria in the final stages of making a general

service list.

With a continuing emphasis on communication in language teaching there is a

tendency to give less attention to the selection and checking of language forms in

course design. Now that the benefits of form focused instruction are being positively

reassessed, we may see a change in attitude towards vocabulary lists and frequency

studies. The benefits of giving attention to principles of selection and gradation in

teaching however remain important no matter what approach to teaching is being

used. A goal of this review of the findings of research on vocabulary size and

frequency is to show that this information can result in considerable benefits for

both teachers and learners.

Michael West's General List

)2282(A list of

Ability

Afternoon

Another

Asl

Basic

Able

Again

Answer

Asleep

Basin

About

Against

Anxiety

Association

Basis

Above

Age

Anxious

Astonish

Bath

Abroad

Agency

Any

Bathe

Absence

Agent

Anybody

Attentive

Battle

Absent

Agriculture

Anyhow

Attack

Bay

Absolute

Ago

Anyone

Attempt

Because

Agree

Anything

Attend

Bcket

Accident

Ahead

Anyway

Attention

Accord

Aim

Anywhere

Attract

Beak

Account

Air

Apart

Attractive

Beam

Accuse

Airplane

Apology

Audience

Bean

Accustom

Alike

Appear

Aunt

Bear

Ache

Alive

Appearance

Autumn

Beard

Across

All

Applaud

Avenue

Beast

Act

Allow

Applause

Average

Beat

Action

Allowance

apple

Avoid

Beauty

Active

Almost

Application

Avoidance

Become

Actor

Alone

Apply

Awake

Bed

Actress

Along

Appoint

Away

Bedroom

Actual

Aloud

Approve

Awkward

Before

Add

Already

Arch

Axe

Beg

Address

Also

Argue

Baby

Begin

Admire

Although

Arise

Back

Behave

Admission

Altogether

Arm

Backward

Behaviour

Admit

Always

Army

Bad

Behind

Adopt

Ambition

Around

Bag

Being

Adoption

Ambitious

Arrange

Baggage

Belief

Advance

Among

Arrest

Bake

Belive

Advantage

Amongst

Arrive

Balance

Bell

Adventure

Amount

Arrow

Ball

Belong

Advertise

Amuse

Art

Band

Below

Advice

Ancient

Article

Bank

Belt

Advise

And

Artificial

Bar

Bend

Affair

Anger

Attraction

Barber

Berry

Afford

Angle

Bare

Beside

Afraid

Angry

Ashamed

Bargain

Besides

After

Animal

Ashamed

Barrel

Best

Better

Boy

Chain

Cloth

Compose

Between

Brain

Chair

Clothe

Composition

Beyond

Branch

Chairman

Cloud

Condition

Bicycle

Brass

Chalk

Club

Confess

Big

Chance

Coal

Confession

Bill

Cage

Change

Coarse

Court

Bind

Cake

Character

Coast

Cover

Bird

Calculate

Charge

Coat

Cow

Birth

Calculation

Charm

Coffee

Coward

Business

Calculator

Cheap

Coin

Cowardice

Bit

Call

Cheat

Cold

Crack

Bite

Calm

Check

Collar

Crash

Bitter

Camera

Chesses

Collect

Cream

Black

Camp

Chest

Collection

Creature

Blade

Can

Chicken

Collector

Crime

Blame

Canal

Chief

College

Criminal

Bleed

Cap

Child

Colony

Critic

Bless

Cape

Childhood

Color

Crop

Blind

Capital

Chimney

Comb

Cross

Block

Captain

Choice

Combine

Crowd

Blood

Car

Choose

Come

Crown

Blow

Card

Christmas

Comfort

Cruel

Blue

Care

Church

Command

Crush

Board

Carriage

Chwwe

Commerce

Cry

Boast

Carry

Circle

Commercial

Cultivate

Boat

Cart

Circular

Committee

Cultivation

Body

Case

Citizen

Common

Cultivator

Boil

Castle

City

Companion

Cup

Bold

Cat

Civilize

Companionship

Cupboard

Bone

Catch

Claim

Company

Cure

Book

Cattle

Class

Compare

Curious

Border

Cause

Classification

Comparison

Curl

Borrow

Caution

Classify

Compete

Current

Both

Cautious

Clay

Competition

Curse

Bottle

Cave

Clean

Competitor

Curtain

Bottom

Cent

Clear

Complain

Curve

Boundary

Center

Clerk

Complaint

Cushion

Boundary

Century

Clever

Complete

Custom

Bow

Ceremony

Climb

Completion

Customary

Bowl

Certain

Clock

Complicate

Customer

Box

Certainty

Complication

Cut

Daily

Department

Descend

Drow

Employ

Damage

Depend

Descendant

Drum

Employee

Damp

Dependence

Descent

Dry

Empty

Dance

Dependent

Describe

Duck

Enclose

Danger

Depth

Discussion

Due

Enclosure

Dare

Desert

Discussion

Dull

Encourage

Dark

Deserve

Disease

During

End

Darken

Desire

Disgust

Dust

Enemy

Date

Desk

Dish

Duty

Engine

Daughter

Despair

Dismiss

Each

Engineer

Day

Destroy

Disregard

Eager

English

Daylight

Destruction

Disrespect

Ear

Enjoy

Dead

Destructive

Dissatisfaction

Early

Enough

Deaf

Detail

Dissatisfy

Earn

Enter

Deafen

Determine

Distance

Earnest

Entertain

Deal

Develop

Distant

Earth

Entire

Dear

Devil

Distinguish

Ease

Entrance

Death

diamond

District

East

Envelope

Debt

Dictionary

Disturb

Eastern

Envy

Decay

Die

Ditch

Easy

Equal

Deceit

Difference

Dive

Eat

Escape

Deceive

Difficult

Divide

Edge

Especially

Decide

Difficulty

Division

Educate

Essence

Decision

Dig

Education

Essential

Decisive

Dine

Doctor

Educator

Even

Declare

Dinner

Dog

Effect

Evening

Decrease

Dip

Dollar

Effective

Event

Deed

Direct

Donkey

Efficiency

Everlasting

Deep

Direction

Door

Efficient

Every

Deepen

Director

Dot

Effort

Every

Deer

Dirt

Double

Egg

Everybody

Defeat

Disagree

Doubt

Either

Everyday

Defend

Disappear

Down

Elastic

Everyone

Defendant

Disappearance

Dozen

Elder

Everything

Defense

Disappoint

Drag

Elect

Everywhere

Degree

Disapprove

Draw

Election

Evil

Delay

Discipline

Drawer

Electric

Exact

Delicate

Discomfort

Dream

Electrician

Examine

Delight

Discontent

Dress

Elephant

Example

Deliver

Discover

Drink

Else

Excellence

Delivery

Discovery

Drive

Elsewhere

Excellent

Demand

Description

Drop

Empire

Except

Exception

Family

Fit

Freeze

Girl

Excess

Fan

Fix

Frequency

Give

Excessive

Fancy

Flag

Frequent

Glad

Exchange

Far

Flame

Fresh

Glass

Excite

Farm

Flash

Friend

Glory

Excuse

Farm

Flat

Friendly

Exercise

Fashion

Flatten

Fright

Goat

Exist

Fashioned

Flavor

Friendship

God

Existence

Fast

Flesh

From

Gold

Expect

Fasten

Float

From

Golden

Expense

Fat

Flood

Front

Good

Expensive

Fate

Floor

Fruit

Govern

Experience

Father

Flour

Fry

Governor

Experiment

Fatten

Flow

Full

Grace

Explain

Fault

Flower

Fun

Gradual

Explode

Favor

Fly

Funeral

Grain

Explore

Favorite

Funny

Grammar

Explosion

Fear

Figure

Fur

Grammatical

Explosive

Feast

Fold

Furnish

Grand

Express

Feather

Fond

Furniture

Grass

Expression

Feed

Food

Further

Grateful

Extend

Feel

Fool

Future

Grave

Extension

Fellow

Foot

Gaiety

Gray

Extensive

Fellowship

For

Gain

Grease

Extent

Female

Forbid

Gallon

Great

Extra

Fence

Force

Game

Great

Extraordinary

Fever

Foreign

Gap

Greed

Extreme

Few

Forest

Garage

Green

Eye

Field

Forget

Garden

Grind

Face

Fierce

Forgive

Gas

Ground

Fact

Fight

Fork

Gate

Group

Factory

Frighten

Formal

Gather

Grow

Fade

Fill

Former

Gay

Growth

Fail

Film

Forth

General

Guard

Failure

Find

Fortunate

Generous

Guess

Faint

Fine

Fortune

Gentle

Guest

Fair

Finger

Forward

Gentleman

Guide

Faith

Finish

Frame

Get

Guilit

Fall

Fire

Framework

Gift

Gun

Fame

First

Free

Gighway

Habit

Familiar

Fish

Freedom

Half

Hair

Hall

Hesitation

Husband

Insurance

Kitchen

Hand

Hide

Hut

Insure

Knee

Handkerchief

High

Intend

Kneel

Handle

Hill

Ice

Intention

Knife

Handshake

Hinder

Idea

Interfere

Knock

Handwriting

Hindrance

Ideal

Interference

Knot

Hang

Hire

Idle

International

Know

Happen

History

Interrupt

Knowledge

Happy

Hit

Ill

Interruption

Lack

Harbor

Hold

Imaginary

Into

Ladder

Hard

Hole

Imaginative

Introduce

Lady

Harden

Holiday

Imagine

Introduction

Lake

Hardly

Hollow

Imitate

Invention

Lamp

Harm

Holy

Imitation

Invention

Land

Hammer

Home

Immediate

Inventor

Landlord

Haste

Homecoming

Immense

Invite

Language

Hasten

Homemade

Importance

Inward

Large

Hate

Homework

Important

Iron

Last

Hate

Honest

Impossible

Island

Lately

Hatred

Honesty

Improve

Later

Have

Honor

Jaw

Latter

Harvest

Hook

Inch

Jealous

Laugh

Hay

Hope

Include

Jealousy

Laugher

Horizon

Inclusive

Jewel

Law

Head

Horizontal

Increase

Join

Lawyer

Headache

Horse

Indeed

Joint

Lay

Headdress

Hospital

Indoor

Joke

Lazy

Heal

Host

Industry

Journey

Lead

Health

Hot

Influence

Joy

Leadership

Heap

Hotel

Influential

Judge

Leaf

Hear

Hour

Inform

Juice

Lean

Heart

House

Ink

Jump

Learn

Heat

How

Inn

Just

Least

Heaven

However

Inquire

Justice

Leather

Heavenly

Human

Inquiry

Keep

Leave

Heavy

Humble

Insect

Key

Left

Height

Hunger

Inside

Kick

Leg

Heighten

Hunt

Instant

Kill

Lend

Hello

Hurrah

Instead

Kind

Length

Help

Hurry

Interest

King

Lengthen

Here

Hurt

Instrument

Kingdom

Less

Hesitate

Insult

Kiss

Lose

Lessen

Meantime

Modern

Neat

Lesson

Lot

Meanwhile

Modest

Necessity

Let

Loud

Measure

Modesty

Neck

Letter

Love

Meat

Moment

Need

Level

Lovely

Mechanic

Momentary

Needle

Liar

Low

Mechanism

Money

Neglect

Liberty

Loyalty

Medical

Monkey

Neighbor

Librarian

Loyalty

Medicine

Month

Neighborhood

Library

Luck

Meet

Moon

Neither

Lie

Lump

Melt

Moonlight

Nephew

Life

Lunch

Member

Moral

Nest

Lift

Lung

Membership

Net

Light

Machine

Memory

Moreover

Network

Lighten

Machinery

Mend

Morning

Never

Mad

Mention

Most

New

Likely

Madden

Merchant

Mother

News

Limb

Mail

Mercy

Motherhood

Newspaper

Limit

Main

Mere

Motherly

Line

Make

Merry

Motion

Nice

Lip

Male

Message

Motor

Niece

Lipstick

Man

Messenger

Mountain

Night

Liquid

Mange

Metal

Mouse

Lis

Mankind

Middle

Mouth

Noble

List

Manner

Might

Move

Nobody

Listen

Manufacture

Mild

Much

Noise

Literary

Many

Mile

Mud

None

Literature

Map

Milk

Multiplication

Noon

Little

March

Mill

Multiply

North

Live

Mark

Mind

Murder

North

Load

Market

Mine

Music

Northern

Loaf

Marriage

Mineral

Musician

Nose

Loan

Marry

Minister

Must

Not

Local

Mass

Minute

Mystery

Note

Lock

Master

Miserable

Nail

Notebook

Lodge

Mat

Misery

Name

Nothing

Log

Match

Miss

Narrow

Notice

Lonely

Mater

Mistake

Nation

Now

Long

Material

Mix

Native

Nowadays

Look

May

Mixture

Nature

Nowhere

Loose

Maybe

Model

Nbasket

Nuisance

Lord

Meal

Moderate

Ncessary

Number

Loss

Mean

Moderation

Near

Numerous

Nurse

Orange

Passage

Pigeon

Pot

Nursery

Order

Passenger

Pile

Pound

Nut

Ordinary

Past

Pour

Oar

Organ

Paste

pinch

Poverty

Obedience

Organize

Pastry

Pink

Powder

Obedient

Origin

Path

Pint

Power

Obey

Ornament

Particle

Pipe

Practical

Object

Other

Patience

Pity

Practice

Objection

Otherwise

Patient

Plain

Praise

Observe

Ought

Patriotic

Plan

Pray

Occasion

Ounce

Pattern

Plant

Preach

Ocean

Out

Pause

Plaster

Precious

Outline

Paw

Plate

Prefer

Off

Outside

Pay

Play

Preference

Offend

Outward

Peace

Pleasant

Prepare

offense

Over

Pearl

Please

Presence

Offer

Overcome

Peculiar

Pleasure

Present

Office

Overflow

Prejudice

Plenty

Preserve

Officer

Owe

Pen

Plow

President

Official

Own

Pencil

Plural

Press

Often

Ownership

Penny

Pocket

Pressure

Oil

Pack

People

Poem

Pretend

Old

Package

Perfect

Poet

Pretense

Old

Pad

Perfection

Point

Pretty

Omission

Page

Performance

Poison

Prevent

Omit

Paint

Performance

Police

Prevention

Paint

Perhaps

Polish

Price

Once

Pair

Permanent

Polite

Pride

One

Palce

Permission

Political

Priest

Only

Pale

Permit

Politician

Onto

Pan

Person

Politics

Prison

Open

Paper

Person

Pool

Private

Operate

Parcel

Persuade

Poor

Prize

Operation

Pardon

Persuasion

Popular

Probable

Operator

Parent

Pet

Population

Problem

Opinion

Park

Photograph

Possess

Procession

Opportunity

Part

Photography

Possession

Product

Oppose

Particular

Pick

Possessor

Production

Opposite

Partner

Picture

Possible

Producw

Opposition

Party

Piece

Post

Profession

Pass

Pig

Postpone

Profit

Program

Rabbit

Rellege

Road

Satisfactory

Program

Race

Remain

Roar

Satisfy

Progress

Radio

Remark

Roast

Sauce

Promise

Rail

Remedy

Rob

Saucer

Prompt

Railroad

Remember

Robbery

Scent

Pronounce

Rain

Remind

Rock

School

Pronunciation

Raise

Rent

Rod

Science

Proof

Rake

Repair

Roll

Scientific

Property

Rank

Repeat

Roof

Scientist

Proposal

Rapid

Repetition

Room

Scissors

Propose

Rare

Replace

Root

Scold

Propwe

Rate

Replay

Rope

Scorn

Protect

Rather

Responsible

Rubber

Scrape

Protection

Raw

Report

Rubbish

Scratch

Proud

Ray

Represent

Rubbish

Screen

Prove

Razor

Representative

Rude

Screw

Provide

Reach

Reproduce

Rug

Public

Read

Reproduction

Ruin

Season

Pull

Ready

Republic

Rule

Season

Pump

Real

Reputation

Run

Seat

Punctual

Realize

Rest

Rush

Second

Punish

Reason

Restaurant

Rust

Second

Pupil

Reasonable

Result

Sort

Secrecy

Pure

Receipt

Retire

Sacred

Secret

Purple

Receive

Revenge

Sacrifice

Secretary

Purpose

Recent

Review

Sad

See

Push

Recognition

Reward

Sadden

Seed

Put

Recognize

Ribbon

Saddle

Seem

Puzzle

Reflection

Rice

Safe

Seize

Qualification

Refresh

Rich

Safety

Seldom

Qualify

Refuse

Rid

Sail

Self

Quality

Regard

Ride

Sailor

Selfish

Quantity

Regret

Right

Sake

Sell

Quarrel

Regular

Ring

Salary

Send

Quart

Rejoice

ripe

Sale

Sense

Quarter

Relate

Ripen

Salesman

Sensitive

Queen

Relation

Rise

Salt

Sentence

Question

Relative

Risk

Same

Recommend

Quick

Relief

Rival

Sample

Record

Quiet

Relieve

Rivalry

Sand

Red

Quite

Religion

River

Satisfaction

Redden

Reduce

Resistance

Royalty

Speech

Sting

Reduction

Respect

Rub

Speed

Stir

Refer

Signal

Soap

Spell

Stock

Reference

Signature

Social

Spend

Stocking

Reflect

Silence

Society

Spill

Stomach

Request

Rotten

Scale

Service

Sign

Rescue

Rough

Scarce

Set

Suger

Reserve

Round

Scatter

Settle

Suggest

Resign

Row

Scence

Several

Suggestion

Resist

Royal

Scenery

Still

Suit

Shaalow

Silent

Sock

Spin

Stone

Shade

Silk

Soft

Spit

Stop

Shadow

Silver

Soften

Spite

Store

Shake

Simple

Soil

Splendid

Storm

Shall

Simplicity

Soldier

Split

Story

Shame

Since

Solemn

Spoil

Stove

Shape

Sincere

Solid

Sport

Straight

Sing

Solution

Spot

Straighten

Sharp

Single

Solve

Spread

Strange

Sharpen

Sink

Some

Spring

Strap

Shave

Sir

Somebody

Spirit

Straw

She

Sister

Somehow

Square

Stream

Sheep

Sit

Someone

Sreep

Street

Sheet

Situation

Sometime

Staff

Strengthen

Shelf

Size

Sometimes

Stage

Stretch

Shell

Skill

Somewhere

Stain

Strict

Shelter

Skin

Something

Stair

String

Shield

Skirt

Soncern

Stamp

Strip

Shiling

Sky

Soncern

Stand

Stripe

Shine

Slave

Song

Standard

Stroke

Ship

Slavery

Soon

Star

Strokw

Shirt

Sleep

sore

Start

Strong

Shock

Slide

Sorrow

State

Struggle

Shoe

Sliff

Sorry

Station

Student

Shoot

Slight

Sort

Stay

Shout

Shop

Slip

Soul

Steady

Show

Shore

Slippery

Sound

Separate

Shower

Short

Slope

Soup

Separation

Shut

Shorten

Slow

Save

Serious

Sick

Should

Small

Saw

Servant

Side

Shoulder

Rot

Say

Serve

Sight

Smeel

Sousin

Too

Twist

View

Smile

South

Tool

Type

Village

Smokw

Sow

Steam

Ubstance

Violence

Smoth

Space

Steel

Ugly

Violent

Snake

Spade

Steep

Umbrella

Virtue

Snow

Spare

Steer

Study

Visit

Speak

Stem

Stick

Table

Summer

Telephone

Threaten

Town

Suck

Sun

Tell

Throat

Toy

Sudden

Sune

temper

Throw

Track

Unless

Supper

Temperature

Thumb

Trade

Unlite

Supplay

Temple

Thunder

Train

Until

Support

Tempt

Thus

Translate

Suppose

Tend

Ticket

Translation

Upon

Sure

Tender

Tidw

Translator

Upper

Surface

Tent

Tidy

Trap

Uppermost

Surround

Term

Tie

Travel

Upright

Surprise

Terrible

Tight

Tray

Upset

Suspect

Test

Tighten

Treasure

Urge

Suspicion

Teste

Till

Treasury

Urgent

Suspicious

Than

Timw

Treat

Use

Swallow

Thank

Tin

Tree

Usual

Swear

That

Tip

Tremble

Vain

Sweat

The

Tire

Trial

Valley

Sweep

Theater

Title

Tribe

Valublw

Sweet

Theatrical

Trick

Value

Sweeten

Then

Tobacco

Trip

Various

Swell

There

Today

Trouble

Varriety

Swim

Therefore

Toe

Trunk

Veil

Swing

These

Together

Trust

Verb

Sword

They

Tomorrow

Truth

Verse

Sympathetic

Thick

Ton

Try

Very

Sympathy

Thicken

Tongue

Tube

Vessel

System

Sour

Tonight

Turn

Victory

Take

Think

Touch

Tame

West

Take

Thirst

Tough

Tap

Wire

Tall

This

Tour

Tax

Taxi

Those

Stiff

Tail

Tea

Though

Tower

Tailor

Teach

Though

Under

Western

Tear

Thread

Underneath

Wet

Telegraph

Threaten

Understand

What

Thief

Tooth

Union

Wisdom

Thin

Top

Unit

Wise

Thing

Total

Unity

Wish

Thom

Toward

Strength

Visitor

Thorough

Uncle

Step

Voice

Wall

Whichever

Universal

Success

Wander

While

Universe

Such

Want

Whip

Vote

Succeed

War

Whisper

Vowel

Warm

Whistle

Voyage

Warmth

White

Wage

Warn

Whiten

Waist

Wash

Who

Wait

Waste

Whoever

Waiter

Watch

Whole

Wake

Water

Whom

Walk

Wave

Whose

Whatever

Wax

Why

Wheat

Way

Why

Wheel

Wicked

When

Wealth(Bauer and Nation, 1993

Wide

Whenever

Weak

Widen

Where

Weaken

Widow

Wherever

Weapon

Widower

Whether

Wear

Width

Which

Weather

Wife

With

Weave

Wild

Within

Weed

Will

Without

Week

Win

Witness

Weekday

Wind

Women

Weekend

Window

Whichever

Weigh

Wine

While

Weight

Wing

Stuff

Welcome

Winter

Stupid

Well

Wipe

Subject

):2081(Yemeni books list

abbreviation

Almost

arrange

base ( n)

bite

able

aloud

Art gallery

beak

Blanket

about

also

artifact

beans

Blaze

above

Although

artificial

bear

Bleeding

abroad

always

artist

Beard

Blind

accident

ask

beat

blind(n)

amal

asleep

beautiful

Block

ache

Ambition

asma

beauty

blood

across

ambulance

aspirin

because

Blouse

activity

amen

Become

blue

actually

ate

bed

board

add

anchor

Atlantic

bedding

boat

addicted

and

atmosphere

Bedroom

boil

Address

anger

attack

bee

bone

adjective

angry

attend

beehive

book

adult

animal

attraction

beekeeper

Bookshop

advanced

annual

August

been

border

adverb

another

aunt

before

borrow

advertise

Answer

awake

beg

both

ant

away

begin

bottle

advice

Antonym

awful

beginning

Bought

Aerial

any

Axe

Behind

Bounce

afraid

anywhere

back

believe

bowl

After

appear

bad

Belong to

box

Afternoon

appearance

badly-built

below

boxer

again

appear

bag

Belt

boxer

against

apple

bake

Bend(v)

boy

age

applicant

baker

benefit

bracelet

ago

apricot

Bakery

berry

bracelet

agree

April

balance

best

Braille

agriculture

Arabic

balcony

better

Brave

air

arch

Bald

between

bread

air-hostess

archaeological

ball

bicycle

break

airline

architect

balloon

big

breakfast

Air-wing

architecture

banana

bike

breath

Albarid

are

Bandage

Biology

bridge

algebra

area

Bank

bird

Brightly

All right

Armchair

bank manager

bit

allow

army

Bars(of a gate)

arrival

Basketball

black

abit

along

brilliant

candle

cheetah

coffee

conversation

bring

Capital city

chef

coin

cook

birthday

captain

Chemicals

cold

cool

broken

car

chemistry

cold

copper

brother

carbohydrates

chest

Collapse

copy

brown

care

chicken

Collect

coriander

brush

careful

children

collection

corner

build

Carefully

chocolate

college

cornflakes

Built

Caretaker

choice

Color

Coronation

bumpy

carpenter

cholera

column

correct

Burger

Carpet

choose

combine

cost(v)

burn

Carrier

chop(v)

come

cotton

burn

carry

chopped

comedy

cough

burning

carry, carried

chopsticks

comfortable

Could

bury

carton

chose

comic

countable

bus

cartoon

circle

Coming

country

Bush

cassette

Citizen

comma

course

business

castle

city

commit

court(n)

businessman

cat

Civil war

Commonwealth

courtyard

but

catch

class

Company

cousin

Butcher

cause

classroom

comparative

Cover

butter

claw

compare

coverings

censer

clean

comparison

Crash

Bye

centimeter

Clear

comparison

Cream

cabin

centre

Clear

Compete

Create

café

Century

clerk

complete

creek

cage

ceremony

Clever

Computer

crew

cake

Certain

climate

conclusion

Crime

calendar

chair

climb

confidence

crockery

call

chalk

clinic

Confident

crossroads

Called

champion

confirm

crosss

calm down

chance

closedown

Congratulations

crowd

Came

change

Cloth

connect

Crown

camel

channel

Clothes

conscientious

crush

camera

character

cloud

consonant

cry

camp

chat

club

Contain

cucmber

can

cheap

Coal-mining

continue

cultural

can (n)

check

coast

Continue

culture

Cancel

Cheer

coastguard

contrast

cumin

cheese

coastline

control

cup

Disobey

coat

Convention

cupboard

cure

Curly

Deliver

distance

Eastern

Equivalent

currency

dentist

district

eat

erosion

curry

depart

divided

eaten

escape

Curtain

departure

Education

essential

curved

describe

doctor

Educational

even (when )

Cushion

description

Document

efficient

Evening

customer

desert

doll

egg

event

customs officer

desertification

domestic

eight

Eventually

cut

desk

done

eighteen

ever

cut up

destination

door

eighth

Everest

cutlery

Destroy

Dot

eighty

everyday

cycle

Details

Down

either

everyone

cylindrical

develop

Downhill

electric

everywhere

cyclist

development

dozens

electrical

exactly

Dad

Diamond

draft

Electrical fault

exam

dam

diary

drag

electricity

examine

damage (v)

Did

drama

Electronics

example

dancer

die

draw

elephant

excellent

dangerous

different

dream

eleven

except

dark

Difficult

Dress

Emergency

Exchange

data

dig

dressmaker

Emigration

exercise

daughter

dinner

dried

emphasize

exhibition

Dave

Directions

drilling

Empire

expect

dawn

dirt

drink

employer

experience

day

Dirty

Drive

end

experiment

daytime

Disabled

driven

endless

explain

dead

disagree

driver

energy

Explanation

deal with

Disappear

drop

engineer

export

dear

disaster

drought

Engineering

extract

Death

disaster

drown

Enjoy

extremely

decide

Discipline

dry

enough

Eye

deck

Discover

During

Enter

eye-witness

Decorated

Discovery

dust

Entrance

eye-witness

defend

Discuss

dustbin

Entry

fabric

Define

Discussion

Dusty

Envelope

face

Definitely

disease

duties

epidemic

facilities

definition

Disembarkation

each

epidemic

facilities

degree

dishes

early

episode

Factory

degrees Celsius

disinfect

Earn

equal

Facts

delay

disinfectant

earrings

Equipment

fair

delicious

Disneyland

Easier, easiest

falcon

fallen

immediately

Invention

ability

alone

famine

fill in

for

garlic

grazing

famous

fill in

Forename

gas

great

fan

Film

Forest

gazelle

green

fantastic

film director

forestation

gear

grief

far

final

forget

generally

grill

Farm

finaly

fork

generation

grind

farmer

find

form

Gentle

groan

farmhouse

fine

form

gentlemen

ground

farmland

finely

forming

Geography

grow

Farther

Finger

fortunately

germ

guess

fascinated

finish

forty

get

guide

fascinating

fire

forwards

gift

gun

Fashion(n)

fireman

found

Giggle

habits

fast

Fireproof

four

ginger

hair

Fat

First

fourteen

giraffe

half

fat

fish

fox

girl

Hall

father

fish

France

Give

hammer

Favorites

fishermen

free

give birth

hand

Fax

Fit

Free

glad

hand

Feather

fit

frequently

glass

handbag

February

five

fresh

glass

handicrafts

fed

Flag

Friday

glasses

handkerchief

feed

flame

fridge

glue

handle

feel

flat

friend

handlebars

feelings

Flat

friendliness

goat

happen

feet

flight

friendly

gone

happy

felt

flippers

frighten

Good

hard

female

Floor

from

good at

harvest

fertile

flour

frozen

Goodbye

Hassan

fertilizer

flu

Fruit

goods(pl n)

Have

festival

fly/flies

Fuad

Govern

He/he

fewer

flyflew

fun

government

HE Excellency

fewer

foal

fur

grab/grabbed

head

Field

focus

Furniture

grandson

Head of state

fifteen

fog

further

grape

Head( chief)

Fifth

fog

furthermore

grapefruit

headache

fifty

future

grass

headline

fig

food

Game

grate

Headquarters

Figure

foot/feet

garden

grateful

headword

fill

football

gardening

graze

health

Hear

horrific

immunize

invest

label

heavy

horse

Impolite

invitation

ladder

height

hose

important

invite

lady

held

Hospital

impossible

Iraq

lake

Helicopter

hot

Impossible

iron

lamb

Hellow

hotel

Improve

Is/is

Lamp

help

hour

Islam/Islamic

lampshade

Help

house

incense

island

land

helpful

household

Including

It/it

landslide

her

housewife

Income

itself

language

her

Housework

increase

Jacket

large

Here

however

Independent

last

hers

huge

Independently

(of water)

late

herself

humid

India

later

humidity

industrial

laugh

hidden

hump

industry

lay

hide

hundred

infect

lazy

high

hundreds

infection

leaf

High jump

hunger

infinitive

leaf \ leaves

highlands

hunting

infinitive

Learner

Hill

hurricane

Influence

leather

Hilly

hurt

information

Just

leave

him

husband

infrequently

kaftan

leave

himself

hygiene

ingredient

keep

left

hire

hypothesis

inhabitant

keeper

leg

his

I/I'm

inject

kettle

Legal

historical

ice-cream

injection

Key

legend

history

icy

Injured

kg( kilogram)

lemon

hit

idea

injury/ies

kick

length

hobby

idea

inside

kill

leopard

hold

ideal

Instruction

kilo

less

hole

idex

intense

kilometer

lesson

holy

idiomatic

interested in

kind

let

home

ill

interesting

King

letter

homeless

illness/es

international

Kitchen

lettuce

homework

imagine

interview

Knee

level

hope

imagine

into

kneel

Library

hopeless

Imitate

introduce

knew

life

horizon

immediate

Invent

knife

lift

horrible

immunization

know

immigrant

light

knowledge

lighting(n)

male

middle

mountain

newsflash

Likely

man

midnight

Mountainous

line

management

Might

mouse

nice

link

mane

mile

moustache

Night

lion

mango

milk

Mouth

nightfall

liquid

man-made

Million

move

nine

list

map

minaret

Mr.

ninety

listen

Marathon

mind

Mrs.

nitrogen

literature

marble

mine

mud

litre

mare

minister

Mum

Nobody

Live

marvelous

minor

museum

noise

local

mark

minute

music

noisily

lone

mast

miracle

musician

nomad

long

mat

mirror

must

noon

long-eared

match

Miss

no-one

look

material

missing

myself

normally

lorry

mathematician

mistake

mysterious

normally

lose

Mathematics

misty

mystery

northern

Loss

mattress

mix

nadia

not

lost

may

mixture

Nail

notes

Loud

maybe

mixture

name

nothing

lounge

nineteen

narrow

nothing

love

mean

mobile

national

notice

Lovely

meaning

moderate

National

noun

low

measure

Modern

nationality

Now

Luckily

meat

moment

native

Nowadays

luggage

Medal

Monarch

natural

nowhere

luky

medicine

Money

near

number

lunch

meet

monkey

nearby

nurse

lying

meeting

monster

nearly

nut

Machine

memory

month

necessary

Obey

mad

men

moon

neck

object(n)

magazine

mend

necklace

Occasion

magnificent

menswear

morning

need

Occupation

magnificent

Moslem

neighbour

Ocean

Main

message

Mosque

neither

o'clock

mainly

Messenger

Most

net

Majlis

met

mostly

Never

of course

major

metal

mother

new

off

make

metre

motor

newly

President

malaria

microscope

Motorist

news

Press

office

page

peak

play

pressure

officer

pain

pear

please

prevent

Official

painful

peas

plough

Often

paint

Pedestrian

plug

Prince

paintbrush

peel

plump

Principality

oil

painter

peeled

plus

painting(n)

pen

poet

priority

olive

paints

pencil

point

Prison

Pakistan

Penicillin

poison

Prisoner

one

palace

penny

Police

probably

onion

Palace

people

policeman

Problem

only

pan

Pepper

polite

procedure

open

panic

Perfect

polite(ly)

process ( n )

opinion

papaya

preference

politeness

producer

opportunity

paper

perhaps

pool

product

opposite

paramedic

Period

Popular

profit

parents

Permanente

Population

programme

oral

paresly

person

port

promote

orange

park

personal

positive

pronunciation

order

park( a car)

peter

possibility

protect

Ordinary

Parliament

petrol

Possible

protection

organizer

Parliamentary

Phone

post

protein

originally

part

photography

Postbox

prove

others

partner

phrase

postcard

province

otter

party

Physical

poster

public

ours

pass

physics

Postman

pull

ourselves

passage

pice of

pot

pullover

out

passenger

pick

potato

pulse

outboard

passive

picnic

potter

pupil

Outer

passport

Picture

pottery

purpose

outside

Past

Pigeon

pour

Purpose

outwards

past

pillow

powerful

push

over

paste (n)

pills

Practice(n)

Put

Over there

pat

pilot

Pray

puzzle

owl

path

Prefix

qualifications

Owner

patience

pineapple

Preparation

qualified

oxygen

patient

place

prepare

qualify

Pacific

Pattern

plan

preposition

quantity

packed lunch

pavement

plant

prescribe

quarter

packet

Pay

plastic

prescription

Queen

question

peacefully

Plate

present

Sewer

questionnaire

peaches

Room

save

Sex

quickly

Reign(n,v)

root

Saw

sexless

quiet

relations

rope

say

shake

quietly

Relationship

rough

scald

shaking

Quiz

relative

round

scales

shall

race

Relax

roundabout

Scarf

shape

radio

remember

Route

scary

shark

radiographer

remind

row

Scene

She/she

rain

remove

Royal

scenery

sheep

rainfall

re-order

rubber

school

sheet

rainy

re-pack

rude

Science

sheikh

raise

repair( v)

rug

scientific

Shelf

Ran

repeat

Rugby

scientist

shine

ranch

Replace

ruins

scissors

Shirt

rattlesnake

rule

score

Shock

Raven

report

ruler

scratch

Shoe

raw

Republic

rumor

Scream

shop

reach

rescue

run

scruffy

shopkeeper

read

reservation

Rush(v)

Sea

shore

ready

Respect

rut

Search(n,v)

short

real

Responsibility

Sack

seat

shortage

really

rest

sad

Second

shortened

reason

Restaurant

sadly

secondary

shorts

Reasonable

restore

safe

secretary

shout

Receive

result

safety

Security

show

recently

return

said

See

shower

reception

rev/revved

Sail(n)

seed

showercurtaian

receptionist

rice

Sailing

seedless

sick

recklessly

rich

sailor

seem

side

recognize

ridden

salad

seen

sight

recommend

ride

salary

selfish

sign

Recorder

right

Salmon

sell

Signature

recover

Ring

Salt

Sense

silently

red

Rise(v)

sam

Separate

silk

reduce

river

same

serial

Silly

refrigerated

road

sand

series

similar

Robot

sandals

Serious

simmer

regularly

rock

sandy

seriously

Simon

Regulation

rocky

Satellite

Serve

Simple

simplified

Roll(v)

Saturday

Set

T.V

since

roof

sauce

settler

table

sing

soil

stand

subtropical

table

sink

Sold

star

succeed

tags

sister

solve

starve

Success

tail

Sit

some

Station

successful

Take

sitdown

somebody

stationary

suddenly

Take(time)

site

someone

Statue

sue

Talk

Situation

something

stay

sugar

tall

Six

sometimes

steal

Suggest

tallest

Size

Somewhere

Steam

Suitcase

tanker

skill

son

steam

summary

tap

skin

song

steep

Summer

tarmac

Skirt

soon

step

sun

taste

sky

sore

Stereo

Sunday

taxi/taxied

skyscraper

sorghum

Stick

sunny

taxi-driver

sleep

Sorry

Still

sunrise

tea

slight

Sort

stitch

sunset

Teach

slim

sound(n)

Stole

super

teacher

sling

spaceship

stone

superb

team

slip (t)

spade

Stood

superlative

Tease

slow

spare

stop

Supermarket

teenager

small

Speak

store

Superstition

Teeth

smallest

spear

stork

supply

Telephone

smallpox

Special

Storm

support

telescope

smile

Spectator

story

suppose

temperature

Smoke

speed

straight on

sure

temple

smoking

spelling

Straight(hair)

surface (n,v)

Ten

smooth

spend

Stream

surgery

tense

snake

spice

Street

Surprised

tent

sneeze

spike

stress

survivor

Terrible

snow

Spoke

Stretcher

Swallow

terrified

spokesman

Strict

swam

Terrified

soak

spoonful

string

Sweater

text

Soap

sport

stripe

swim

Textbook

society

sports teacher

Strong

Swimmer

than

Sock

spread

structure

Switch

thanks

Socket

squeeze

stuck

swollen

that

Sofa

staff

study

sword

The/the

soft

stained

study

symbol

Warning

theatre

Stairs

study(n)

Synonym

Was

their

Stall(n)

Stupid

syringe

Wash

theirs

Stamp

style

system

Watch

them

together

subject

water

Themselves

Toilet

tropical

Uphill

Wave

Then

told

Trouble(n ~)

upset

way

There

tomato

Trousers

upwards

therefore

tomb

truck

urban

weak

thermometer

tomorrow

truth

Urgent

weapon

these

too

try

Wear

They/they

took

T-shirt

use

weather

Thick

toothpaste

tsp( teaspoon)

Useful

wedding

thin

topsoil

Tuesday

usually

Wednesday

thing

Toral

turn

vacancy

Week

think

total

Twelve

vaccinate

weekend

Third

touch

twenty

valley

weigh

thirsty

tour

twin

Valuable

weight

thirteen

tourch

Two

Value(n)

welcome

thirty

Tourism

type

variety

well

this

tourist

Typical

vegetables

well ( n )

thoroughly

Tow

umbrella

vegetation

Went

those

towards

uncle

vehicle

Were

Thousands

towel

unconscious

verandah

wet

Three

Tower

uncountable

verb

What

throat

Town

under

very

Wheelchair

through

track (n)

underlined

victim

When

throw

tractor

understand

view

Where

Thursday

trade

Unexpected

villa

whereas

tick

trading ( n )

unfit

village

wherever

ticket

traditional

unfortunately

visa

which

Tidier, tidiest

traffic jam

unfriendly

Visit

while

tie

Train

Unhappy

visitor

whisper

timetable

Training

unhelpful

vitamin

white

tired

Traitor

uniform

voice

Who

title

Trapped

unique

volcano

Whole

travel

unit

Volleyball

whose

toatally

Tray

Unity

vowel

Why

Today

treasure

University

wait

widely

toes

treat

unlike

Wales

wory

wife

treatment

Unlucky

walk

would

wildlife

tree

Unnecessary

wall

wreck

will

triangular

untidy

wander

write

Win / won

trick

until

want

Written

window

trip

unusual

warm

Wrong

windy

you

unwell

workbook

x-ray

wing

young

wonderful

worker

year

winter

yours

won't

workshop

yellow

Wipe

yourself

wood

world

Yes

wish

Youth

wooden

worldwide

Yesterday

With

zebra

wool

worried

yield ( n )

Without

Zebra crossing

word

worse

zoo

woman

zone

Work

worst

zoologist

yogurt

arrive

Beach

Blame

horn

One dimension of analysis which has been the subject of a great deal of discussion

and comment is the synthetic/ analytic dimension. The distinction between synthetic

and analytic (Wilkins, 1976) described the synthetic language teaching strategy is

one in which the different parts of language are thought separately and step by step

so that acquisition is a process of gradual accumulation of parts until the whole

structure of language has been built up. In an analytic syllabus, learners are

presented with chunk of language which may include structures of varying degrees

of difficulty. The starting point for syllabus design is not the grammatical system of

the language, but the communicative purposes for which language is used. It is

theoretically possible to conceive of language courses as being solely synthetic or

solely analytic. However, it is likely that, in practice, courses will be typified as more-

or- less synthetic or more or less analytic according to the prominence given to

discrete elements in the selection and grading of input.

In terms of words selection, it is said that if the syllabus content covers less than 20

percent of Michael West General List, it is analytic, communicative and if the syllabus

content covers more than70 it is synthetic, lexical syllabus.

• All words in Michael West's list are (2282)

• All words in the Yemeni books (2081)

• Words in Yemeni books but not in Michael West list (942)

• Words in Yemeni books that are in West Michael list (1139)49.91%

• Words in Michael West list but not in Yemeni books (2417)

Then, we come to the judgment that the English Crescent Book Series for Yemen is

neither synthetic nor analytic in terms of its words selection. Simply, all words of the

Yemen books of English known as crescent series are 2081 and only 1139(49.91%)

words of them are found in Michael West General lists .The books are claimed to be

communicative adopting the functional notional syllabus design .The notional

functional design is not based on structural, grammatical, lexical selection of words,

it is rather concerned with the notion (what does the learner need to mean in

English) and functions.

1139 × 100

2282

49.91%

References

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Lexicography 6, 4: 253-279.

Biber, D. 1990. A typology of English texts. Linguistics 27: 3-43.

DeRocher, J.E. 1973. The Counting of Words: A Review of the History, Techniques

and Theory of Word Counts with Annotated Bibliography. New York.

Terry O'Neill, Peter Snow and Helen O'Neill, Crescent English Course Pupil's six

Books, English Language Teaching for The Arab World /Oxford University Press SARL,

1900.

Fries, C.C. and A.A. Traver. 1960. English Word Lists. Ann Arbor: George Wahr.

Hirsh, D. and P. Nation. 1992. What vocabulary size is needed to read unsimplified

texts for pleasure? Reading in a Foreign Language 8, 2: 689-696.

McIntosh, X., M. Halliday and P. Strevens. 1961.

Nagy, W.E. and R.C. Anderson l984. How many words are there in printed school

English? Reading Research Quarterly l9: 304-330

Richards, J.C. l974. Word lists: problems and prospects. RELC Journal 5: 69-84.

Sinclair, J. 1991. Corpus, Concordance, Collocation Oxford: Oxford University Press.

Sutarsyah, C., I.S.P. Nation and G. Kennedy. 1994. How useful is EAP vocabulary for

ESP? A corpus based case study. RELC Journal 25, 2: 34-50.

Thorndike, E.L. and I. Lorge. l944. The Teacher's Word Book of 30,000 Words.

Teachers College, Columbia University.

West, Michael l953. A General Service List of English Words. London: Longman,

Green & Co.

Willis, Dave 1873.The lexical syllabus, a new approach to language teaching .Collins

E.L.T

ResearchGate has not been able to resolve any citations for this publication.

David Hirsh
Paul Nation

The abstract for this document is available on CSA Illumina.To view the Abstract, click the Abstract button above the document title.

William E. Nagy
Richard C. Anderson

The purpose of this research was to determine the number of distinct words in printed school English. A detailed analysis was done of a 7,260 word sample from the Carroll, Davies and Richman, Word Frequency Book. Projecting from this sample to the total vocabulary of school English, our best estimate is that there are about 88,500 distinct words. Furthermore, for every word a child learns, we estimate that there are an average of one to three additional related words that should also be understandable to the child, the exact number depending on how well the child is able to utilize context and morphology to induce meanings. Based on our analysis, a reconcilation of estimates of children's vocabulary size was undertaken, which showed that the extreme divergence in estimates is due mainly to the definition of "word" adopted. Our findings indicate that even the most ruthlessly systematic direct vocabulary instruction could neither account for a significant proportion of all the words children actually learn, nor cover more than a modest proportion of the words they will encounter in school reading materials. /// [French] Le but de cette recherche était de déterminer le nombre de mots distincts dans l'Anglais scolaire imprimé. Une analyse détaillée a été faite d'un échantillon de 7260 mots à partir du Livre de fréquence de mots Carroll, Davies et Richman. En projetant à partir de cet échantillon jusqu'au vocabulaire total de l'Anglais scolaire, notre estimation meilleure est qu'il y a environ 88500 mots distincts. De plus, pour chaque mot qu'un enfant apprend, nous estimons qu'il y a une moyenne d'un à trois mots additionnels en rapport qui devraient être aussi compris par l'enfant, le nombre exact dépendant de combien l'enfant est capable d'utiliser le contexte et la morphologie pour produire des significations. Basée sur notre analyse, on a entrepris une réconciliation d'estimations de la quantité de vocabulaire des enfants, qui a montré que l'extrême divergence en estimations est due principalement à la définition du "mot" adopté. Nos découvertes indiquent que même l'instruction de vocabulaire directe la plus systématique ne pourrait ni compter pour une proportion significative de tous les mots que les enfants apprennent vraiment, ni couvrir plus qu'une proportion modeste de mots qu'ils rencontreront dans le matériel de lecture scolaire. /// [Spanish] El objetivo de esta investigacion era determinar el número de distintas palabras en el inglés escolar escrito. Se hizo un análisis detallado de una muestra de 7.260 palabras del Word Frequency Book (Libro de Frecuencia de Palabras) de Carroll, Davies y Richman. Reflejando desde esta muestra al vocabulario total del inglés escolar, nuestro mejor cálculo indica que hay aproximadamente 88.500 palabras distintas. Además, por cada palabra que un niño aprende, calculamos que hay un promedio de una a tres palabras relacionadas adicionales que también deberían comprenderse por el niño, dependiendo el número exacto hasta qué punto el niño es capaz de utilizar contexto y morfología para inducir significado. Basado en nuestro análisis, se procedió a una conciliación de cálculos sobre la extensión del vocabulario de los niños, que demostró que la extrema discrepancia en los cálculos se debe principalmente a cuál definición se adopta sobre lo que es "palabra". Nuestros resultados indican que ni siquiera la más rigurosa y sistemática instrucción directa de vocabulario podía justificar una proporción significativa de todas las palabras que los niños realmente aprenden, ni cubrir más que una modesta proporción de las palabras con las que se enfrentarán en materiales de lectura escolares.

Laurie Bauer
Paul Nation

The idea of a word family is important for a systematic approach to vocabulary teaching and for deciding the vocabulary load of texts. Inclusion of a related form of a word within a word family depends on criteria involving frequency, regularity, productivity and predictability. These criteria are applied to English affixes so that the inflectional affixes and the most useful derivational affixes are arranged into a graded set of seven levels. This set of levels and others like it have value in guiding teaching and learning, in standardising vocabulary load and vocabulary size research, in investigating lexical development and lexical storage, and in guiding dictionary making.

Cucu Sutarsyah
Paul Nation
Graeme Kennedy

This study compares the vocabulary of a single Economics text of almost 300,000 running words with the vocabulary of a corpus of similar length made up of a variety of academic texts. It was found that the general academic corpus used a very much larger vocabulary than the more focused Economics text. A small number of words that were closely related to the topic of the text occurred with very high frequency in the Economics text. The general academic corpus had a very large number of low frequency words. Beyond the words in West's General Service List and the University Word List, there was little overlap between the vocabulary of the two corpora. This indicates that as far as vocabulary is concerned, EAP courses that go beyond the high frequency academic vocabulary are of little value for learners with specific purposes.

James E. DeRocher

As part of a continuing project of language analysis, SURC presents an essay on the nature and history of frequency counts. The first section deals with the history of such counts and traces them from Early Hellenic times to the present. Section 2 is an analysis of techniques used and describes the capabilities and limitations of frequency counts taken in both English and foreign languages. Section 3 is an analysis of the statistical lawfulness of vocabulary distributions and presents a comparison and evaluation of the theoretical models used to describe vocabulary distributions. Section 4 is an annotated bibliography with an author index provided. (Author)

Crescent English Course Pupil's six Books, English Language Teaching for The Arab World

O' Terry
Peter Neill
Helen O' Snow
Neill

Terry O'Neill, Peter Snow and Helen O'Neill, Crescent English Course Pupil's six Books, English Language Teaching for The Arab World /Oxford University Press SARL, 1900.